repo_zf1/documentation/manual/en/tutorials/quickstart-create-model.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Reviewed: no -->
<sect1 id="learning.quickstart.create-model">
    <title>Create a Model and Database Table</title>

    <para>
        Before we get started, let's consider something: where will these classes live, and how will
        we find them? The default project we created instantiates an autoloader. We can attach other
        autoloaders to it so that it knows where to find different classes. Typically, we want our
        various MVC classes grouped under the same tree -- in this case,
        <filename>application/</filename> -- and most often using a common prefix.
    </para>

    <para>
        <classname>Zend_Controller_Front</classname> has a notion of "modules", which are individual
        mini-applications.  Modules mimic the directory structure that the <command>zf</command>
        tool sets up under <filename>application/</filename>, and all classes inside them are
        assumed to begin with a common prefix, the module name.  <filename>application/</filename>
        is itself a module -- the "default" module. As such, let's setup autoloading for resources
        within this directory, giving them a prefix of "Default". We can do this by creating another
        bootstrap resource.
    </para>

    <para>
        <classname>Zend_Application_Module_Autoloader</classname> provides the functionality needed
        to map the various resources under a module to the appropriate directories, and provides a
        standard naming mechanism as well. In our bootstrap resource, we'll instantiate this, and be
        done. The method looks like this:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/Bootstrap.php

// Add this method to the Bootstrap class:

    protected function _initAutoload()
    {
        $autoloader = new Zend_Application_Module_Autoloader(array(
            'namespace' => 'Default_',
            'basePath'  => dirname(__FILE__),
        ));
        return $autoloader;
    }
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        The final bootstrap class will look as follows:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/Bootstrap.php

class Bootstrap extends Zend_Application_Bootstrap_Bootstrap
{
    protected function _initAutoload()
    {
        $autoloader = new Zend_Application_Module_Autoloader(array(
            'namespace' => 'Default',
            'basePath'  => dirname(__FILE__),
        ));
        return $autoloader;
    }

    protected function _initDoctype()
    {
        $this->bootstrap('view');
        $view = $this->getResource('view');
        $view->doctype('XHTML1_STRICT');
    }
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Now, let's consider what makes up a guestbook. Typically, they are simply a list of entries
        with a <emphasis>comment</emphasis>, <emphasis>timestamp</emphasis>, and, often,
        <emphasis>email address</emphasis>. Assuming we store them in a database, we may also want a
        <emphasis>unique identifier</emphasis> for each entry. We'll likely want to be able to save
        an entry, fetch individual entries, and retrieve all entries. As such, a simple guestbook
        model API might look something like this:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/models/Guestbook.php

class Default_Model_Guestbook
{
    protected $_comment;
    protected $_created;
    protected $_email;
    protected $_id;

    public function __set($name, $value);
    public function __get($name);

    public function setComment($text);
    public function getComment();

    public function setEmail($email);
    public function getEmail();

    public function setCreated($ts);
    public function getCreated();

    public function setId($id);
    public function getId();

    public function save();
    public function find($id);
    public function fetchAll();
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        <methodname>__get()</methodname> and <methodname>__set()</methodname> will provide a
        convenience mechanism for us to access the individual entry properties, and proxy to the
        other getters and setters. They also will help ensure that only properties we whitelist will
        be available in the object.
    </para>

    <para>
        <methodname>find()</methodname> and <methodname>fetchAll()</methodname> provide the ability
        to fetch a single entry or all entries.
    </para>

    <para>
        Now from here, we can start thinking about setting up our database.
    </para>

    <para>
        First we need to initialize our <classname>Db</classname> resource. As with the
        <classname>Layout</classname> and <classname>View</classname> resource, we can provide
        configuration for the <classname>Db</classname> resource. In your
        <filename>application/configs/application.ini</filename> file, add the following lines in
        the appropriate sections.
    </para>

    <programlisting language="ini"><![CDATA[
; application/configs/application.ini

; Add these lines to the appropriate sections:
[production]
resources.db.adapter       = "PDO_SQLITE"
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook.db"

[testing : production]
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook-testing.db"

[development : production]
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook-dev.db"
]]></programlisting>
    
    <para>
        Your final configuration file should look like the following:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="ini"><![CDATA[
; application/configs/application.ini

[production]
phpSettings.display_startup_errors = 0
phpSettings.display_errors = 0
bootstrap.path = APPLICATION_PATH "/Bootstrap.php"
bootstrap.class = "Bootstrap"
resources.frontController.controllerDirectory = APPLICATION_PATH "/controllers"
resources.layout.layoutPath = APPLICATION_PATH "/layouts/scripts"
resources.view[] = 
resources.db.adapter = "PDO_SQLITE"
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook.db"

[staging : production]

[testing : production]
phpSettings.display_startup_errors = 1
phpSettings.display_errors = 1
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook-testing.db"

[development : production]
phpSettings.display_startup_errors = 1
phpSettings.display_errors = 1
resources.db.params.dbname = APPLICATION_PATH "/../data/db/guestbook-dev.db"
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Note that the database(s) will be stored in <filename>data/db/</filename>. Create those
        directories, and make them world-writeable. On unix-like systems, you can do that as
        follows:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="shell"><![CDATA[
% mkdir -p data/db; chmod -R a+rwX data
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        On Windows, you will need to create the directories in Explorer and set the permissions to
        allow anyone to write to the directory.
    </para>

    <para>
        At this point we have a connection to a database; in our case, its a connection to a Sqlite
        database located inside our <filename>application/data/</filename> directory. So, let's
        design a simple table that will hold our guestbook entries.
    </para>

    <programlisting language="sql"><![CDATA[
-- scripts/schema.sqlite.sql
--
-- You will need load your database schema with this SQL.

CREATE TABLE guestbook (
    id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
    email VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'noemail@test.com',
    comment TEXT NULL,
    created DATETIME NOT NULL
);

CREATE INDEX "id" ON "guestbook" ("id");
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        And, so that we can have some working data out of the box, lets create a few rows of
        information to make our application interesting.
    </para>

    <programlisting language="sql"><![CDATA[
-- scripts/data.sqlite.sql
--
-- You can begin populating the database with the following SQL statements.

INSERT INTO guestbook (email, comment, created) VALUES 
    ('ralph.schindler@zend.com', 
    'Hello! Hope you enjoy this sample zf application!', 
    DATETIME('NOW'));
INSERT INTO guestbook (email, comment, created) VALUES 
    ('foo@bar.com', 
    'Baz baz baz, baz baz Baz baz baz - baz baz baz.', 
    DATETIME('NOW'));
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Now that we have both the schema and some data defined. Lets get a script together that we
        can now execute to build this database. Naturally, this is not needed in production, but
        this script will help developers build out the database requirements locally so they can
        have the fully working application. Create the script as
        <filename>scripts/load.sqlite.php</filename> with the following contents:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// scripts/load.sqlite.php

/**
 * Script for creating and loading database
 */

// Initialize the application path and autoloading
defined('APPLICATION_PATH')
    || define('APPLICATION_PATH', realpath(dirname(__FILE__) . '/../application'));
set_include_path(implode(PATH_SEPARATOR, array(
    APPLICATION_PATH . '/../library',
    get_include_path(),
)));
require_once 'Zend/Loader/Autoloader.php';
Zend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance();

// Define some CLI options
$getopt = new Zend_Console_Getopt(array(
    'withdata|w' => 'Load database with sample data',
    'env|e-s'    => 'Application environment for which to create database (defaults to development)',
    'help|h'     => 'Help -- usage message',
));
try {
    $getopt->parse();
} catch (Zend_Console_Getopt_Exception $e) {
    // Bad options passed: report usage
    echo $e->getUsageMessage();
    return false;
}

// If help requested, report usage message
if ($getopt->getOption('h')) {
    echo $getopt->getUsageMessage();
    return true;
}

// Initialize values based on presence or absence of CLI options
$withData = $getopt->getOption('w');
$env      = $getopt->getOption('e');
defined('APPLICATION_ENV')
    || define('APPLICATION_ENV', (null === $env) ? 'development' : $env);

// Initialize Zend_Application
$application = new Zend_Application(
    APPLICATION_ENV,
    APPLICATION_PATH . '/configs/application.ini'
);

// Initialize and retrieve DB resource
$bootstrap = $application->getBootstrap();
$bootstrap->bootstrap('db');
$dbAdapter = $bootstrap->getResource('db');

// let the user know whats going on (we are actually creating a 
// database here)
if ('testing' != APPLICATION_ENV) {
    echo 'Writing Database Guestbook in (control-c to cancel): ' . PHP_EOL;
    for ($x = 5; $x > 0; $x--) {
        echo $x . "\r"; sleep(1);
    }
}

// Check to see if we have a database file already
$options = $bootstrap->getOption('resources');
$dbFile  = $options['db']['params']['dbname'];
if (file_exists($dbFile)) {
    unlink($dbFile);
}

// this block executes the actual statements that were loaded from 
// the schema file.
try {
    $schemaSql = file_get_contents(dirname(__FILE__) . '/schema.sqlite.sql');
    // use the connection directly to load sql in batches
    $dbAdapter->getConnection()->exec($schemaSql);
    chmod($dbFile, 0666);

    if ('testing' != APPLICATION_ENV) {
        echo PHP_EOL;
        echo 'Database Created';
        echo PHP_EOL;
    }
    
    if ($withData) {
        $dataSql = file_get_contents(dirname(__FILE__) . '/data.sqlite.sql');
        // use the connection directly to load sql in batches
        $dbAdapter->getConnection()->exec($dataSql);
        if ('testing' != APPLICATION_ENV) {
            echo 'Data Loaded.';
            echo PHP_EOL;
        }
    }
    
} catch (Exception $e) {
    echo 'AN ERROR HAS OCCURED:' . PHP_EOL;
    echo $e->getMessage() . PHP_EOL;
    return false;
}

// generally speaking, this script will be run from the command line
return true;
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Now, let's execute this script. From a terminal or the DOS command line, do the following:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="shell"><![CDATA[
% php scripts/load.sqlite.php --withdata
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        You should see output like the following:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="text"><![CDATA[
path/to/ZendFrameworkQuickstart/scripts$ php load.sqlite.php --withdata
Writing Database Guestbook in (control-c to cancel): 
1
Database Created
Data Loaded.
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Now we have a fully working database and table for our guestbook application. Our next few
        steps are to build out our application code. This includes building a data source (in our
        case, we will use <classname>Zend_Db_Table</classname>), and a data mapper to connect that
        data source to our domain model. Finally we'll also create the controller that will interact
        with this model to both display existing entries and process new entries.
    </para>

    <para>
        We'll use a <ulink url="http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/tableDataGateway.html">Table Data
            Gateway</ulink> to connect to our data source; <classname>Zend_Db_Table</classname>
        provides this functionality. To get started, lets create a
        <classname>Zend_Db_Table</classname>-based table class. First, create the directory
        <filename>application/models/DbTable/</filename>. Then create and edit a file
        <filename>Guestbook.php</filename> within it, and add the following contents:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/models/DbTable/Guestbook.php

/**
 * This is the DbTable class for the guestbook table.
 */
class Default_Model_DbTable_Guestbook extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract
{
    /** Table name */
    protected $_name    = 'guestbook';
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Note the class prefix: <classname>Default_Model_DbTable</classname>. The class prefix
        "Default" from our autoloader is the first segment, and then we have the component,
        "Model_DbTable"; the latter is mapped to the <filename>models/DbTable/</filename> directory
        of the module.
    </para>

    <para>
        All that is truly necessary when extending <classname>Zend_Db_Table</classname> is to
        provide a table name and optionally the primary key (if it is not "id").
    </para>

    <para>
        Now let's create a <ulink url="http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/dataMapper.html">Data
            Mapper</ulink>. A <emphasis>Data Mapper</emphasis> maps a domain object to the database.
        In our case, it will map our model, <classname>Default_Model_Guestbook</classname>, to our
        data source, <classname>Default_Model_DbTable_Guestbook</classname>. A typical API for a
        data mapper is as follows:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/models/GuestbookMapper.php

class Default_Model_GuestbookMapper
{
    public function save($model);
    public function find($id, $model);
    public function fetchAll();
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        In addition to these methods, we'll add methods for setting and retrieving the Table Data
        Gateway. The final class, located in
        <filename>application/models/GuestbookMapper.php</filename>, looks like this:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/models/GuestbookMapper.php

class Default_Model_GuestbookMapper
{
    protected $_dbTable;

    public function setDbTable($dbTable)
    {
        if (is_string($dbTable)) {
            $dbTable = new $dbTable();
        }
        if (!$dbTable instanceof Zend_Db_Table_Abstract) {
            throw new Exception('Invalid table data gateway provided');
        }
        $this->_dbTable = $dbTable;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getDbTable()
    {
        if (null === $this->_dbTable) {
            $this->setDbTable('Default_Model_DbTable_Guestbook');
        }
        return $this->_dbTable;
    }

    public function save(Default_Model_Guestbook $guestbook)
    {
        $data = array(
            'email'   => $guestbook->getEmail(),
            'comment' => $guestbook->getComment(),
            'created' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
        );

        if (null === ($id = $guestbook->getId())) {
            unset($data['id']);
            $this->getDbTable()->insert($data);
        } else {
            $this->getDbTable()->update($data, array('id = ?' => $id));
        }
    }

    public function find($id, Default_Model_Guestbook $guestbook)
    {
        $result = $this->getDbTable()->find($id);
        if (0 == count($result)) {
            return;
        }
        $row = $result->current();
        $guestbook->setId($row->id)
                  ->setEmail($row->email)
                  ->setComment($row->comment)
                  ->setCreated($row->created);
    }

    public function fetchAll()
    {
        $resultSet = $this->getDbTable()->fetchAll();
        $entries   = array();
        foreach ($resultSet as $row) {
            $entry = new Default_Model_Guestbook();
            $entry->setId($row->id)
                  ->setEmail($row->email)
                  ->setComment($row->comment)
                  ->setCreated($row->created)
                  ->setMapper($this);
            $entries[] = $entry;
        }
        return $entries;
    }
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Now it's time to update our model class slightly, to accomodate the data mapper. Just like
        the data mapper contains a reference to the data source, the model contains a reference to
        the data mapper. Additionally, we'll make it easy to populate the model by passing an array
        of data either to the constructor or a <methodname>setOptions()</methodname> method. The
        final model class, located in <filename>application/models/Guestbook.php</filename>, looks
        like this:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/models/Guestbook.php

class Default_Model_Guestbook
{
    protected $_comment;
    protected $_created;
    protected $_email;
    protected $_id;
    protected $_mapper;

    public function __construct(array $options = null)
    {
        if (is_array($options)) {
            $this->setOptions($options);
        }
    }

    public function __set($name, $value)
    {
        $method = 'set' . $name;
        if (('mapper' == $name) || !method_exists($this, $method)) {
            throw new Exception('Invalid guestbook property');
        }
        $this->$method($value);
    }

    public function __get($name)
    {
        $method = 'get' . $name;
        if (('mapper' == $name) || !method_exists($this, $method)) {
            throw new Exception('Invalid guestbook property');
        }
        return $this->$method();
    }

    public function setOptions(array $options)
    {
        $methods = get_class_methods($this);
        foreach ($options as $key => $value) {
            $method = 'set' . ucfirst($key);
            if (in_array($method, $methods)) {
                $this->$method($value);
            }
        }
        return $this;
    }

    public function setComment($text)
    {
        $this->_comment = (string) $text;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getComment()
    {
        return $this->_comment;
    }

    public function setEmail($email)
    {
        $this->_email = (string) $email;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getEmail()
    {
        return $this->_email;
    }

    public function setCreated($ts)
    {
        $this->_created = $ts;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getCreated()
    {
        return $this->_created;
    }

    public function setId($id)
    {
        $this->_id = (int) $id;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getId()
    {
        return $this->_id;
    }

    public function setMapper($mapper)
    {
        $this->_mapper = $mapper;
        return $this;
    }

    public function getMapper()
    {
        if (null === $this->_mapper) {
            $this->setMapper(new Default_Model_GuestbookMapper());
        }
        return $this->_mapper;
    }

    public function save()
    {
        $this->getMapper()->save($this);
    }

    public function find($id)
    {
        $this->getMapper()->find($id, $this);
        return $this;
    }

    public function fetchAll()
    {
        return $this->getMapper()->fetchAll();
    }
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        Lastly, to connect these elements all together, lets create a guestbook controller that will
        both list the entries that are currently inside the database.
    </para>

    <para>
        To create a new controller, open a terminal or DOS console, navigate to your project
        directory, and enter the following:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="shell"><![CDATA[
# Unix-like systems:
% zf.sh create controller guestbook

# DOS/Windows:
C:> zf.bat create controller guestbook
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        This will create a new controller, <classname>GuestbookController</classname>, in
        <filename>application/controllers/GuestbookController.php</filename>, with a single action
        method, <methodname>indexAction()</methodname>.  It will also create a view script directory
        for the controller, <filename>application/views/scripts/guestbook/</filename>, with a view
        script for the index action.
    </para>

    <para>
        We'll use the "index" action as a landing page to view all guestbook entries.
    </para>

    <para>
        Now, let's flesh out the basic application logic. On a hit to
        <methodname>indexAction()</methodname>, we'll display all guestbook entries. This would look
        like the following:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// application/controllers/GuestbookController.php

class GuestbookController extends Zend_Controller_Action 
{
    public function indexAction()
    {
        $guestbook = new Default_Model_Guestbook();
        $this->view->entries = $guestbook->fetchAll();
    }
}
]]></programlisting>

    <para>
        And, of course, we need a view script to go along with that. Edit
        <filename>application/views/scripts/guestbook/index.phtml</filename> to read as follows:
    </para>

    <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
<!-- application/views/scripts/guestbook/index.phtml -->

<p><a href="<?php echo $this->url(
    array(
        'controller' => 'guestbook',
        'action'     => 'sign'
    ), 
    'default', 
    true) ?>">Sign Our Guestbook</a></p>

Guestbook Entries: <br />
<dl>
    <?php foreach ($this->entries as $entry): ?>
    <dt><?php echo $this->escape($entry->email) ?></dt>
    <dd><?php echo $this->escape($entry->comment) ?></dd>
    <?php endforeach ?>
</dl>
]]></programlisting>

    <note>
        <title>Checkpoint</title>

        <para>
            Now browse to "http://localhost/guestbook". You should see the following in your
            browser:
        </para>

        <para>
            <inlinegraphic width="525" scale="100" align="center" valign="middle"
                fileref="figures/learning.quickstart.create-model.png" format="PNG" />
        </para>
    </note>

    <note>
        <title>Using the data loader script</title>

        <para>
            The data loader script introduced in this section
            (<filename>scripts/load.sqlite.php</filename>) can be used to create the database for
            each environment you have defined, as well as to load it with sample data. Internally,
            it utilizes <classname>Zend_Console_Getopt</classname>, which allows it to provide a
            number of command line switches. If you pass the "-h" or "--help" switch, it will give
            you the available options:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
Usage: load.sqlite.php [ options ]
--withdata|-w         Load database with sample data
--env|-e [  ]         Application environment for which to create database 
                      (defaults to development)
--help|-h             Help -- usage message)]]
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            The "-e" switch allows you to specify the value to use for the constant
            <constant>APPLICATION_ENV</constant> -- which in turn allows you to create a SQLite
            database for each environment you define.  Be sure to run the script for the environment
            you choose for your application when deploying.
        </para>
    </note>
</sect1>