repo_zf1/documentation/manual/en/module_specs/Zend_Form-QuickStart.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- Reviewed: no -->
<sect1 id="zend.form.quickstart">
    <title>Zend_Form Quick Start</title>

    <para>
        This quick start guide covers the basics of creating,
        validating, and rendering forms with <classname>Zend_Form</classname>.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.create">
        <title>Create a form object</title>

        <para>
            Creating a form object is very simple: simply instantiate
            <classname>Zend_Form</classname>:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form = new Zend_Form;
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            For advanced use cases, you may want to create a
            <classname>Zend_Form</classname> subclass, but for simple forms, you can
            create a form programmatically using a <classname>Zend_Form</classname>
            object.
        </para>

        <para>
            If you wish to specify the form action and method (always good
            ideas), you can do so with the <methodname>setAction()</methodname> and
            <methodname>setMethod()</methodname> accessors:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form->setAction('/resource/process')
     ->setMethod('post');
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            The above code sets the form action to the partial <acronym>URL</acronym>
            "/resource/process" and the form method to <acronym>HTTP</acronym> POST. This will be
            reflected during final rendering.
        </para>

        <para>
            You can set additional HTML attributes for the
            <code>&lt;form&gt;</code> tag by using the setAttrib() or
            setAttribs() methods. For instance, if you wish to set the id, set
            the "id" attribute:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form->setAttrib('id', 'login');
]]></programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.elements">
        <title>Add elements to the form</title>

        <para>
            A form is nothing without its elements. <classname>Zend_Form</classname>
            ships with some default elements that render <acronym>XHTML</acronym> via
            <classname>Zend_View</classname> helpers. These are as follows:
        </para>

        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
                button
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                checkbox (or many checkboxes at once with multiCheckbox)
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                hidden
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                image
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                password
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                radio
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                reset
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                select (both regular and multi-select types)
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                submit
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                text
            </para></listitem>

            <listitem><para>
                textarea
            </para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>
            You have two options for adding elements to a form: you can
            instantiate concrete elements and pass in these objects, or you can
            pass in simply the element type and have <classname>Zend_Form</classname>
            instantiate an object of the correct type for you.
        </para>

        <para>
            Some examples:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// Instantiating an element and passing to the form object:
$form->addElement(new Zend_Form_Element_Text('username'));

// Passing a form element type to the form object:
$form->addElement('text', 'username');
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            By default, these do not have any validators or filters. This means
            you will need to configure your elements with at least validators,
            and potentially filters. You can either do this (a) before you pass
            the element to the form, (b) via configuration options passed in
            when creating an element via <classname>Zend_Form</classname>, or (c) by
            pulling the element from the form object and configuring it after
            the fact.
        </para>

        <para>
            Let's first look at creating validators for a concrete element
            instance. You can either pass in <classname>Zend_Validate_*</classname>
            objects, or the name of a validator to utilize:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$username = new Zend_Form_Element_Text('username');

// Passing a Zend_Validate_* object:
$username->addValidator(new Zend_Validate_Alnum());

// Passing a validator name:
$username->addValidator('alnum');
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            When using this second option, you can pass constructor arguments in an array as the
            third parameter if the validator can accept tem:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// Pass a pattern
$username->addValidator('regex', false, array('/^[a-z]/i'));
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            (The second parameter is used to indicate whether or not failure of
            this validator should prevent later validators from running; by
            default, this is <constant>FALSE</constant>.)
        </para>

        <para>
            You may also wish to specify an element as required. This can be
            done using an accessor or passing an option when creating
            the element. In the former case:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// Make this element required:
$username->setRequired(true);
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            When an element is required, a 'NotEmpty' validator is added to the
            top of the validator chain, ensuring that the element has a value
            when required.
        </para>

        <para>
            Filters are registered in basically the same way as validators. For
            illustration purposes, let's add a filter to lowercase the final
            value:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$username->addFilter('StringtoLower');
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            The final element setup might look like this:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$username->addValidator('alnum')
         ->addValidator('regex', false, array('/^[a-z]/'))
         ->setRequired(true)
         ->addFilter('StringToLower');

// or, more compactly:
$username->addValidators(array('alnum',
        array('regex', false, '/^[a-z]/i')
    ))
    ->setRequired(true)
    ->addFilters(array('StringToLower'));
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            Simple as this is, repeating it this for every element in a form
            can be a bit tedious. Let's try option (b) from above. When we
            create a new element using <methodname>Zend_Form::addElement()</methodname> as
            a factory, we can optionally pass in configuration options. These
            can include validators and filters. To do all of the
            above implicitly, try the following:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form->addElement('text', 'username', array(
    'validators' => array(
        'alnum',
        array('regex', false, '/^[a-z]/i')
    ),
    'required' => true,
    'filters'  => array('StringToLower'),
));
]]></programlisting>

        <note><para>
            If you find you are setting up elements using the same options in
            many locations, you may want to consider creating your own
            <classname>Zend_Form_Element</classname> subclass and utilizing that class
            instead; this will save you typing in the long-run.
        </para></note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.render">
        <title>Render a form</title>

        <para>
            Rendering a form is simple. Most elements use a
            <classname>Zend_View</classname> helper to render themselves, and thus need a
            view object in order to render. Other than that, you have two
            options: use the form's render() method, or simply echo it.
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
// Explicitly calling render(), and passing an optional view object:
echo $form->render($view);

// Assuming a view object has been previously set via setView():
echo $form;
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            By default, <classname>Zend_Form</classname> and
            <classname>Zend_Form_Element</classname> will attempt to use the view object
            initialized in the <code>ViewRenderer</code>, which means you won't
            need to set the view manually when using the Zend Framework <acronym>MVC</acronym>.
            To render a form in a view, you simply have to do the following:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
<?php echo $this->form ?>
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            Under the hood, <classname>Zend_Form</classname> uses "decorators" to perform
            rendering. These decorators can replace content, append content, or
            prepend content, and can fully introspect the element passed
            to them. As a result, you can combine multiple decorators to
            achieve custom effects. By default, <classname>Zend_Form_Element</classname>
            actually combines four decorators to achieve its output; setup
            looks something like this:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$element->addDecorators(array(
    'ViewHelper',
    'Errors',
    array('HtmlTag', array('tag' => 'dd')),
    array('Label', array('tag' => 'dt')),
));
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            (Where &lt;HELPERNAME&gt; is the name of a view helper to use, and varies
            based on the element.)
        </para>

        <para>
            The above creates output like the following:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="html"><![CDATA[
<dt><label for="username" class="required">Username</dt>
<dd>
    <input type="text" name="username" value="123-abc" />
    <ul class="errors">
        <li>'123-abc' has not only alphabetic and digit characters</li>
        <li>'123-abc' does not match against pattern '/^[a-z]/i'</li>
    </ul>
</dd>
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            (Albeit not with the same formatting.)
        </para>

        <para>
            You can change the decorators used by an element if you wish to
            have different output; see the section on decorators for more
            information.
        </para>

        <para>
            The form itself simply loops through the elements, and dresses them
            in an HTML <code>&lt;form&gt;</code>. The action and method you
            provided when setting up the form are provided to the
            <code>&lt;form&gt;</code> tag, as are any attributes you set via
            <methodname>setAttribs()</methodname> and family.
        </para>

        <para>
            Elements are looped either in the order in which they were
            registered, or, if your element contains an order attribute, that
            order will be used. You can set an element's order using:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$element->setOrder(10);
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            Or, when creating an element, by passing it as an option:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form->addElement('text', 'username', array('order' => 10));
]]></programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.validate">
        <title>Check if a form is valid</title>

        <para>
            After a form is submitted, you will need to check and see if it
            passes validations. Each element is checked against the data
            provided; if a key matching the element name is not present, and
            the item is marked as required, validations are run with a <constant>NULL</constant>
            value.
        </para>

        <para>
            Where does the data come from? You can use <varname>$_POST</varname> or
            <varname>$_GET</varname>, or any other data source you might have at hand
            (web service requests, for instance):
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
if ($form->isValid($_POST)) {
    // success!
} else {
    // failure!
}
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            With <acronym>AJAX</acronym> requests, you can sometimes get away with validating
            a single element, or groups of elements.
            <methodname>isValidPartial()</methodname> will validate a partial form. Unlike
            <methodname>isValid()</methodname>, however, if a particular key is not
            present, it will not run validations for that particular element:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
if ($form->isValidPartial($_POST)) {
    // elements present all passed validations
} else {
    // one or more elements tested failed validations
}
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            An additional method, <methodname>processAjax()</methodname>, can be used
            for validating partial forms. Unlike <methodname>isValidPartial()</methodname>,
            it returns a <acronym>JSON</acronym>-formatted string containing error messages on
            failure.
        </para>

        <para>
            Assuming your validations have passed, you can now fetch the
            filtered values:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$values = $form->getValues();
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            If you need the unfiltered values at any point, use:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$unfiltered = $form->getUnfilteredValues();
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            If you on the other hand need all the valid and filtered values of a partially valid form,
            you can call:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$values = $form->getValidValues($_POST);
]]></programlisting>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.errorstatus">
        <title>Get error status</title>

        <para>
            Did your form have failed validations on submission? In most cases, you can simply
            render the form again, and errors will be displayed when using the
            default decorators:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
if (!$form->isValid($_POST)) {
    echo $form;

    // or assign to the view object and render a view...
    $this->view->form = $form;
    return $this->render('form');
}
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            If you want to inspect the errors, you have two methods.
            <methodname>getErrors()</methodname> returns an associative array of element
            names / codes (where codes is an array of error codes).
            <methodname>getMessages()</methodname> returns an associative array of element
            names / messages (where messages is an associative array of error
            code / error message pairs). If a given element does not have any
            errors, it will not be included in the array.
        </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.puttingtogether">
        <title>Putting it together</title>

        <para>
            Let's build a simple login form. It will need elements
            representing:
        </para>

        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>username</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>password</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>submit</para></listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>
            For our purposes, let's assume that a valid username should be
            alphanumeric characters only, start with a letter, have a minimum
            length of 6, and maximum length of 20; they will be normalized to
            lowercase. Passwords must be a minimum of 6 characters. We'll
            simply toss the submit value when done, so it can remain
            unvalidated.
        </para>

        <para>
            We'll use the power of <classname>Zend_Form</classname>'s configuration
            options to build the form:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$form = new Zend_Form();
$form->setAction('/user/login')
     ->setMethod('post');

// Create and configure username element:
$username = $form->createElement('text', 'username');
$username->addValidator('alnum')
         ->addValidator('regex', false, array('/^[a-z]+/'))
         ->addValidator('stringLength', false, array(6, 20))
         ->setRequired(true)
         ->addFilter('StringToLower');

// Create and configure password element:
$password = $form->createElement('password', 'password');
$password->addValidator('StringLength', false, array(6))
         ->setRequired(true);

// Add elements to form:
$form->addElement($username)
     ->addElement($password)
     // use addElement() as a factory to create 'Login' button:
     ->addElement('submit', 'login', array('label' => 'Login'));
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            Next, we'll create a controller for handling this:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
class UserController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{
    public function getForm()
    {
        // create form as above
        return $form;
    }

    public function indexAction()
    {
        // render user/form.phtml
        $this->view->form = $this->getForm();
        $this->render('form');
    }

    public function loginAction()
    {
        if (!$this->getRequest()->isPost()) {
            return $this->_forward('index');
        }
        $form = $this->getForm();
        if (!$form->isValid($_POST)) {
            // Failed validation; redisplay form
            $this->view->form = $form;
            return $this->render('form');
        }

        $values = $form->getValues();
        // now try and authenticate....
    }
}
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            And a view script for displaying the form:
        </para>

<programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
<h2>Please login:</h2>
<?php echo $this->form ?>
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            As you'll note from the controller code, there's more work to do:
            while the submission may be valid, you may still need to do some authentication
            using <classname>Zend_Auth</classname> or another authorization mechanism.
        </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.config">
        <title>Using a Zend_Config Object</title>

        <para>
            All <classname>Zend_Form</classname> classes are configurable using
            <classname>Zend_Config</classname>; you can either pass a
            <classname>Zend_Config</classname> object to the constructor or pass it in
            with <methodname>setConfig()</methodname>. Let's look at how we might create the
            above form using an <acronym>INI</acronym> file. First, let's follow the
            recommendations, and place our configurations into sections
            reflecting the release location, and focus on the 'development'
            section. Next, we'll setup a section for the given controller
            ('user'), and a key for the form ('login'):
        </para>

        <programlisting language="ini"><![CDATA[
[development]
; general form metainformation
user.login.action = "/user/login"
user.login.method = "post"

; username element
user.login.elements.username.type = "text"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.alnum.validator = "alnum"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.regex.validator = "regex"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.regex.options.pattern = "/^[a-z]/i"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.strlen.validator = "StringLength"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.strlen.options.min = "6"
user.login.elements.username.options.validators.strlen.options.max = "20"
user.login.elements.username.options.required = true
user.login.elements.username.options.filters.lower.filter = "StringToLower"

; password element
user.login.elements.password.type = "password"
user.login.elements.password.options.validators.strlen.validator = "StringLength"
user.login.elements.password.options.validators.strlen.options.min = "6"
user.login.elements.password.options.required = true

; submit element
user.login.elements.submit.type = "submit"
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            You would then pass this to the form constructor:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
$config = new Zend_Config_Ini($configFile, 'development');
$form   = new Zend_Form($config->user->login);
]]></programlisting>

        <para>
            and the entire form will be defined.
        </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="zend.form.quickstart.conclusion">
        <title>Conclusion</title>

        <para>
            Hopefully with this little tutorial, you should now be well on your
            way to unlocking the power and flexibility of
            <classname>Zend_Form</classname>. Read on for more in-depth information!
        </para>
    </sect2>
</sect1>
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